1. The government has taken aggressive steps in providing quality infrastructure with “Hardware Parks” flexible labor policies, availability of skilled workers, congenial business environment, level playing field, right policies and incentives, concessional import duty, reduction in excise duty, customs, SAD, CVD and sales tax. All these factors will make the market respond positively, economics of scale will come into play and big hardware companies will be attracted to set up local manufacturing units. That would result in high demand of computer hardware and subsequently prices would come down and make it affordable for a general customer.
2. Another major segment is “SCHOOLS & COLLEGES”. According to cll, if 20 PCs are installed in each of the country’s 9, 00,000 schools, the immediate demand would be 18 million, 10 times the current market figure.
3. Increase in the use of IT technologies in the government’s interface with the public has also stimulated the demand for computer hardware.
Migration from the old manual system to computing is taking place in large portion of government –public interaction, especially in providing statutory services such as land records, property transactions, authentication services, dealings of publicly owned utilities, collections of variety of taxes and transportation (Railways, Roadways and Airways etc). it will lead to a phenomenal demand for increase in hardware and would provide a big boost to the sagging national economy.
Central processing unit
There are many vendor of the cpu in the market same of them are
Intel, AMD, VIA/CYRIX, Transumeta / Motorola but the most popular are Intel and AMD Athelon. The X86 CPU architecture invented by Intel is the most popular for desktop computers today all the computers run the windows_9X operating system use X86 CPU
Intel corporation manufactured various kind of CPU’s but in market the most selling CPU we are concerning. P-3 , Celeron and P-4
Celeron processor is a substitution of P-3 having same performance so Celeron is taking place of P-3.
When P-4 came the total architecture is different from P-3.
P-3 has 0.18 micron technology and the P-4 has 0.13 micron technology.
P-4 if focused on multimedia, multitasking, multithreading. This gives batter performance in gaming, internet computing speed.
SYNTAX FOR CPU RECOGNITION
Name – speed in MHz/cache (KB)/FSB
e.g. --- Intel Pentium 3 –1133/256/100
CACHE MEMORY OF CPU
This is a memory associated with CPU, and often the motherboard. This is a type of memory that’s used to hold a duplicate of a larger store. This is faster than the main memory .By placing the most often accessed data in the cache memory, overall system speed increases.
Type of cache memory.
(1) L1 cache
(2) L2 cache
L1 CACHE MEMORY (LEVEL 1 CACHE)
This is closet to the CPU is the level 1 or L1 since 80486 an L1 cache has been built in to the CPU itself. This cache run at the CPU’s internal speed and so is very fast.
Celeron ---------- L1 cache is 16KB+16KB
Pentium 3 ------- L1 cache is 16KB+16KB
AMD athlon----- L1 cache is 128KB
Since L1 cache is part of the CPU it can’t be expanded or replaced.
L2 CACHE MEMORY (LEVEL 2 CACHES)
A L2 cache is more copious than an L1 cache, but it’s also slower. For CPU after Pentium Processor this is coated on the CPU package.
CPU L2 CACHE SIZE
PENTIUM-3 256-512KB
CELERON 0-128KB
AMD ATHLON 512KB
Placing the L2 cache on the CPU module improves performance relative to putting it on the motherboard largely because the cache can operate at a faster speed.
FSB (FRONT SIDE BUS)/ CPU BUS
Modern CPU’S run at two separate speeds: the core speed and the bus speed. The core speed is the no. associate most strongly with the CPU and is the speed at which most of CPU circuitry runs. The bus speed is the speed of interface between CPU and the motherboard. Now a days bus speed range from 66 MHz
To theoretical maximum of 400 MHz for slot A.(Main socket).
In order to set the CPU core speed motherboard includes jumpers or BIOS settings to specify a clock multiplier. The CPU runs its core at the bus speed multiplied by the clock multiplier.
E.g. 113.3MHz bus speed with a 10X clock gives CPU speed 1133 MHz(core speed).
CPU VOLTAGE
+Vcc supply to CPU is +5v and V core = 1.7 v.
As the CPU speed increases it becomes desirable to reduce the CPU voltage. In order to reduce the heat buildup inside the chips. For cooling a heat sink fan is mounted on the CPU.
MEMORY.
IDEA BEHIND BIOS
ROM-BIOS It is short form for read only memory -basic input output system. The ROM-BIOS is a set of Program built into the computer ROM memory that Provides the most basic, low level and intimate control And supervision operation for the computer.
=>The task of the bios is to take care of the immediate needs of the hardware and to isolate all other programs from the details of how the hardware works.
=>fundamentally the bios is an interface a connection and a Translator between the computer hardware and the software Programs.
PARTS OF BIOS
There are three main part of the ROM-bios program.
First part:
# This part is used only when the computer is first turned ON; these are Test and Initialization program that check to see that the computer is working. The delay between powering on the computer and The moment when it start working for you is due to running of these test and initialization program which sometimes are Called the POWER ON SELF TEST (POST).
Second part:-
# Important parts of the bios are its routimes.These programs provides the detailed and intimate control of The various part of the computer, particularly for the input/output Peripherals, such as the disk drives.
Third part:
# Rom-bios are the boot strap loader program.
Basic content of bios:
Standard CMOS feature.
Advanced bios feature.
Advanced chipset feature.
Integrated peripherals.
Power management setup.
PnP /PCI configuration.
Pc health status.
Frequency/voltage control.
Load optimized default.
Set supervisor password.
Set user password.
Save & exit setup.
Exit without saving.
Booting:
# The time duration between the appearance of the dos prompt or any window and the switch on the power supply the whole process is known as the booting process.
TYPE OF BOOTING
A) COLD BOOTING
B) WARM BOOTING
COLD BOOTING:
# When we switch off the computer completely and properly after some time we start Computer again is known as the cold booting.
WARM BOOTING:
# When we restart the computer from the restart button or using the key by simply pressing them i.e. ctrl+alt+del key is known as warm Booting.
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR BOOTING:
For booting we required minimum three files-
1) ms_dos.sys
2) io.sys
3) Command.com
In these files first two files are hidden files and the third one is normal file.
MOTHERBOARD
If the CPU is the heart of the system the motherboard is its circulatory system. The CPU has to be fitted on the socket on the Board. The board has input output ports, ram, PCI slots, IDE port, chipset, Power connector, AGP slot, other expansion slots, floppy port.
The key features of the motherboard.
1. Socket
2. memory support
3. expansion slots
4. onboard IDE channels
5. Power supply and Power management
6. chipset
7. BIOS
8. Battery
9. Input/output ports.
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE
HARD DISK DRIVE
Hard disk are thin but rigid metal platters covered with a substances
That allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots. Hard disk are
Tightly sealed within an enclosed hard disk drive unit to prevent any foreign
Matter from getting inside Data may be recorded on both sides of the disk
Platters. These platters are made of either using glass or aluminum.
A head crash happens when the surface of the read write head or particles on its surface come into contact within the surface of the hard disk platter, causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk.
Both EIDE(enhanced integrated device electronics) and SCSI(small computer System interface) disks suffer from the limit of 1024 cylinder. The difficulty is that the old CHS (cylinder/head/sector) addressing mode uses a 10 bit number can hold a value of between 0 and 1023 , So the number of cylinders accessible by the BIOS is limited to 1024 hard disk performance measurements are-
(1) disk head seek time
(2) data transfer rate
(3) disk’s cache size.
Disk head seek time
Time taken to seek the data by move the head is referred as the seek time. The seek Time measurement that’s most often used is the average seek time, which is
